Bikas C. Sanyal (1995) The use of computerized information systems to increase efficiency in university management, UNESCO: International Institute for Educational Planning, IIEP Contributions No.20

• 大学の情報システムの発展段階
1. the use of central mainframes for administrative purpose
2. non-integrated systems except for the use of some key or reference file
1. shift of the emphasis of computer support from mass data processing to user-friendliness providing middle management staff with necessary information direct
2. installation of departmental computers
3. increasing number of 'marginal' administrative areas supported by computer
4. extension of administrative computing support to decentralized organizational units
3. 'partial support' for clerical work to facilitate handling huge amounts of data
1. focus on providing support for integrated administration tasks, i.e. transfer of data/documents from one system to another, from one department to another etc.
2. provision of integration between central administration and decentralized units which were supported separately in the previous phase
3. establishment of links between office automation (e.g. word processing) and administrative computing systems
4. integration of the administrative computing systems of the various administrative departments for use by institutional managers
4. focus of management support on the mandated delivery of statistical data to outside agencies rather than on the institution itself