Iwasaki, M. (2009) "The Oxymoron of higher education: Neoliberal restructuring and the incorporation of Japanese national universities," In Bary, B. (Ed.) Universities in translation: The mental labour of globalization, Hong Kong University Press, 73-88
- Neoliberal restructuring introduced into Jp HE.
- early 1990s, national university need to respond demands from industry
- the process of neoliberal restructuring began with deregulation of the university curriculum (the generalization of standards for academic institutions)
- national university -> legal status of corporate entities
- 1990s collapse of bubble economy <- bring complete turnaround -> incorporation by strong-arming MEXT
- NUC manage a 2 source of revenue; (1) income form actual operation (tuition, hospital operations), (2) Operating Expense Subsidies
- OES = 1% reduction per year -> external funding
