2016/06/24

Bowen, H. (1996) "Goals: The Intended Outcomes of Higher Education," Investment in Learning: The Individual and Social Value of American Higher Education, Chapter 2, 23-37


  • Goals for Individual Students
    • Cognitive Learning
      1. Verbal skills
      2. Quantitative skills
      3. Substantive knowledge
      4. Rationality
      5. Intellectual tolerance (open to new ideas)
      6. Esthetic sensibility
      7. Creativeness
      8. Intellectual integrity
      9. Wisdom
      10. Lifelong learning
    • Emotional and Moral Development
      1. Personal self-discovery
      2. Psychological well-being
      3. Human understanding
      4. Values and morals
      5. Religious interest
      6. Refinement of taste, conduct, and manner
    • Practical Competence
      1. Traits of value in practical affairs generally
          • Need for achievement
            • Future orientation
              • Adaptability
                • Leadership
              1. Citizenship
              2. Economic productivity
              3. Sound family life
              4. Consumer efficiency
              5. Fruitful leisure
              6. Health
            1. Direct Satisfaction and Enjoyments from College Education
            2. Avoidance of Negative Outcomes for Individual Students
          1. Goals for Society
            • Advancement of Knowledge
              1. Preserve cultural heritage
              2. Discovery and dissemination of new knowledge
              3. Direct satisfaction from advancing knowledge
            • Discovery and Encouragement of Talent
            • Advancement of Social Welfare
              1. Economic efficiency and growth
              2. Enhancement of national prestige
              3. Process and solution of social problems
              4. Improvement of attitude and behavior of population
              5. Progress in human equity, freedom, justice
            • Avoidance of Negative Outcomes for Society
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