Johnstone, B. (2016) "Financing American Higher Education," in Bastedo, M. N., Altbach, P. G., and Gumport, P. G. (Eds.) American higher education in the twenty-first century: Social, political, and Economic Challenges (4th ed.), The Johns Hopkins University Press.
- high cost <- international scholarly rankings (= prestige arms race)
- costs in excess of inflation rates, sustainable in the long run?
- American society is increasingly polarized by class, race and ethnicity.
- expenditure vary by level or mission,
- research university = spend more
- endowments, fund raising productivity
- Bowen's revenue theory of cost; univ raise as much revenue as they can, and spend all that they raise.
- cost from; parents, students, government, donors -> sharing/shifting among these parties = zero-sum game.
- matter = yearly increase in tuitions, (not actual high tuitions)
- tuition; set by gov boards (private inst.)
- most institutional variation; attributed to the amenities or costs of faculty (include part-time).
- Harvard vs UMass, less expensive means more efficient?
- without better agreement on the proper outputs of HE, not to mention how to weight and how to measure them, we are left with cost per student.
