Sadler, D. (2016) Three in-course Assessment Reforms to Improve Higher Education Learning Outcomes, Assessment and Evaluation in Higher Education, 41(7), 1081-1099.

• accumulation of marks = most commonly used grading system in North America
• three arguments against accumulating performance measures
• Students need opportunities for false starts,
• These behaviors and activities may well assist learning, but they do not constitute the final level of achievement or even part of it,
• focus ends when they’ve acquired enough points to satisfy their grade needs,
• -> formative assessment: Purely formative assessments have high stakes for learning and zero influence on the final
• -> final summative assessment: Student knowledge and understanding should be tested in more authentic ways.